w®î®±Sµ œµ²š® Š¯Ç®óT°qµ „µ°Nµ? 

„®Š®q®„®²ï± Z®y®Þwµ¶î®q¯ÙŠ®± uµ°ý®S®¡® w¯l®±. †äi°Ç®Š® qµ²q®±ÙS®¡¯Tu¯ÛS®, w®î®±âªå š¯æq®ºq®üu® OX®Ïw®±Ý œµ²rÙ›, Qºl® „¯Š®q®î®w®±Ý AQºl®î¯T›, †äi°Ç®Š® ±u®Ü œµ²°Š¯h w®lµ›, š¯æq®ºq®äî®w®±Ý y®lµ‡®±©± `uµ° ¯q®Š®º` T°qµ wµŠ®î¯Tuµ Hº…±u®± Kºu®± Jrœ¯›N® š®q®ã. Cu®w®±Ý ‡®¾¯Š®± A©åS®¡µ‡®±±î®¼v©å. q¯‰±w¯l®w®±Ý q®w®Ý q¯‰±‡®±ºqµ N¯o±î® b¯‡®±î®¾¯w® Cªåw® š®ºš®ÊȳrSµ Aw®±S®±oî¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° Bý®Ï‡®±Áï©å. 

Au®ÁS®ºgµ: …ºOî®± X®ºu®ä X®hdÁ A®± Kºu®± y®räNµ‡®±w®±Ý w®lµš®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±. y®¼h ïw¯ãš®N® …ºu®±, Kºu®Ç®±Ô š®Ú¡® E¢vuµ, Au®w®±Ý q®±º…©± Iw®w¯Ýu®Šµ² …Šµu®± Nµ²m Hºu®± Nµ°¢u¯S®, …ºOî®±Š®± Aî®xSµ Au®Á S®ºgµ †h±Ô …Š®©± œµ°¢u®Š®±. Au®Á S®ºgµ‡®± w®ºq®Š® …ºu¯S® Aî®xSµ Kºu®±œ¯¡µ‡®±w®±Ý Nµ²hÔŠ®±. Au®Š®ªå `uµ° ¯q®Š®º` Hº… T°qµ‰±q®±Ù. Au®w®±Ý Lvu® y®¼h ïw¯ãš®N®, Au®Á š®ºš®Êȳq® œ¯S®² Au®Á …ºS¯¢‡®±ªåŠ®±î® D T°qµ‡®±w®±Ý ‡®¾¯Š®± q¯wµ° Lu®±q¯ÙŠµ Hºu®± Aw®±î®¾¯w®î®w®±Ý î®ãN®Ùy®m›u®w®±. BS® …ºOî®±Š®± w®S®±q¯Ù Cw®±Ý 25 î®Ç®ÁS®¡®ªå D T°qµ H©å „¯Š®r°‡®±Š® q®±iS®¡® îµ±°ªŠ®±q®Ùuµ wµ²°l®± Hºu®Š®±. Cu®± w®lµu®u®±Û šµyµÔº…Š¬ 7, 1976. …ºOî®±Š®± 1882Š®ªå `Bw®ºu®î®±j®` Hº… N¯u®º…‹‡®±w®±Ý …Šµ‡®±±rÙu®ÛŠ®±. Au®Š®ªå uµ° ¯q®Š®º œ¯l®w®±Ý šµ°‹›u®Š®±. N¯u®º…‹‡®± î®±²©N® Cu®± …ºS¯¡®u®ªå H©å‹S®² K⌵ y®‹X®‡®±î¯T†iÔq®±. îµ²u®© HŠ®l®± y®u®ãS®¡®ªå „¯Š®q® uµ°ý®u® š®±ºu®Š® î®oÁwµ. E¢u® w¯©±Ê y®u®ãS®¡®ªå „¯Š®q®î®w®±Ý u®±SµÁ œµ²°ª› î®oÁwµ. Au®±áq®î¯Tq®±Ù y®u®ã!  …ºS¯¢ cw®Š®± u®±SµÁ‡®±w®±Ý q®î®±â î®±S®¡®±, …ºS¯¡®îµ° BNµ‡®± q¯‰± î®±wµ Hºu®± „¯±q¯ÙŠµ. œ¯S¯T D T°qµ cw®z䇮±î¯‰±q®±. N®äîµ±°o D T°qµ‡®±± „¯Š®q¯u®ãºq® œ®Š®m š¯æq®ºq®üœµ²°Š¯hS¯Š®Š® E›Š¯‰±q®±. 

``Š¯Ç®óT°qµ``: 1896 N®©Êq®Ù N¯ºSµäš¬ AvÃîµ°ý®w®u®ªå §° Š®ï°ºu®äw¯s® j¯N®²Š¬ A®± D T°qµ‡®±w®±Ý œ¯mu®Š®±. N¯ºSµä›éS®Š®± D T°qµ‡®± î®±²©N® œµ²°Š¯hS¯Š®Š®w®±Ý Kh±ÔS®²mš®…œ®±u®± Hº… ïÇ®‡®±î®w®±Ý î®±w®S®ºl®Š®±. 1905 Š® „µw¯Š®š¬ N¯ºSµäš¬ AvÃîµ°ý®w®u®ªå, Cu®w®±Ý `Š¯Ç®óT°qµ` Hºu®± AºT°N®‹›u®Š®±. š®Š®¡¯uµ°ï X¹u®±Š¯p‡®±î®‹ºu® œ¯m›u®Š®±. D AvÃN®³q® AºT°N¯Š®vºu® uµ° ¯q®Š®º Ay¯Š® cw®z䇮±qµ‡®±w®±Ý y®lµ‰±q®±. 

ïî¯u®: …ºOî®±X®ºu®ä X®hdÁ‡®±î®Š® uµ° ¯q®Š®º T°qµ‡®±ªå BŠ®± y®u®ãS®¢îµ. îµ²u®© HŠ®l®± y®u®ãu®ªå „®Š®q®„®²ï±‡®± š®±ºu®Š® î®oÁwµ‰±uµ. î®±±ºvw® w¯©±Ê y®u®ãS®¡®ªå „®Š®q®„®²ï±‡®±w®±Ý u®±SµÁSµ œµ²°ª› …Šµu® š®±ºu®Š® Yq®äïuµ. q¯‰±S®² q¯‰± „®²ï±S®² î®ãq¯ãš® N¯ou® „¯Š®r°‡®±Š®± D T°q®‡®±w®±Ý î®±w®»y®½î®ÁN®î¯T KzÞu®Š®±. Bu®Šµ `AŒ¯åw® œµ²Š®q¯T î®±q¯ã‹S®² q®Œµ„¯Sµî®¼` Hº… x©±ïw® î®±±›å°î®±Š®± D T°qµ‡®±w®±Ý ²°vÛu®Š®±. Au®NµÊ y®½Š®N®î¯T Š®ï°ºu®äw¯s® j¯N®²Š¬ A®± š®±„¯ý¬ X®ºu®ä „µ²°š®‹Sµ y®q®ä …Šµu®± (1937) ``œ®q®±Ù q®ŒµS®¡® u®±SµÁ‡®±w®±Ý ‡®¾¯î® î®±±š®Œ¯âw®w®± q¯‰±w¯l®± Hºu®± Ky®¼ÈÞu®NµÊ š¯u®ãï©å` Hºu®Š®±.  1937. Cºm‡®±w¬ w¯ãý®w®Œ¬ N¯ºSµäš¬ wµ°q¯Š®Š®± D …SµÌ ïX¯Š® ¯mu®Š®±. îµ²u®©± HŠ®l®± y®u®ãS®¡®w®±Ý ¯q®ä Š¯Ç®óT°qµ‡µ±ºu®± AºT°N®‹š®„µ°Nµºu®± E¢u® w¯©Êw®±Ý †h±Ô†l®„µ°Nµº… Aºrî®± r°î®¾¯Áw®NµÊ …ºu®Š®±. B w®ºq®Š® H©å AvÃÃîµ°ý®w®u®ªå îµ²u®© HŠ®l®± y®u®ãS®¡®w®±Ý ¯q®ä œ¯l®Œ¯Š®º†Ã›u®Š®±. ‡®¾¯î®¼u®±?BS®š¬Ô 15, 1947 Š®ªå w®î®±Sµ š¯æq®ºq®ü …ºu¯S® w®î®±â Š¯Ç®óT°qµ ‡®¾¯î®¼u¯S®„µ°N®± Hº… y®äýµÝ …ºvq®±. Aºrî®±î¯T Š®ï°ºu®äw¯s® j¯N®²Š¬ …Šµu® cw®S®oî®±w® BS®„µ°Nµ²° As®î¯ …ºOî®±X®ºu®ä X®hdÁ …Šµu® uµ° ¯q®Š®º BS®„µ°Nµ²° Hº… X®XµÁ BŠ®º„®±q®±. 1911 Š®ªå y®ºX®î®± b¯cÁw® ›ºœ¯š®w¯Šµ²°œ®o š®î®¾¯Š®º„® w®lµ‰±q®±. Au®Š® AºS®î¯T Š®ï°ºu®äw¯s¬ j¯N®²Š¬ A®± `cw®S®oî®±w® AvÃw¯‡®±N® c‡®±œµ°` T°qµ‡®±w®±Ý mšµº…Š¬ Š®Y›u®Š®±. mšµº…Š¬ 27, 1911 Š® N®©Êq®Ù AvÃîµ°ý®w®u®ªå, y®ºX®î®± b¯cÁw® „¯Š®q®‡®¾¯qµä‡®± š¯æS®q® T°qµ‡®±w¯ÝT Cu®w®±Ý œ¯l®Œ¯‰±q®±. ``„¯Š®r°‡®± cw®-S®o-î®±w®S®¡® AvÃw¯‡®±N¯w¯TŠ®±î® œµ° y®ºX®î®± b¯cÁwµ° xw®Sµ š¯æS®q®`` Hº…±u®± D œ¯mw® Bý®‡®±î¯Tq®±Ù. Cu®NµÊ š¯¤‡®¾¯T Aºvw® y®räNµS®¡®w®±Ý S®î®±xš®…œ®±u®±. Bu®Šµ D T°qµ‡®±ªå …Š®±î® `„¯S®ãïu¯q®` y®ºX®î®±b¯b¬Á A©å, Bq® ``„®S®î®ºq®`` Hº… ï®nµ‡®±w®±Ý Cºvw® vw®S®¡®ªå x°l®Œ¯S®±rÙuµ. Bu®Šµ j¯N®²Š®Š®± y®ºX®î®± b¯cÁw® v¯S®u®Š¯T …Šµvu¯ÛŠµ Hw®±Ýu®± Kºu®± Jrœ¯›N® š®q®ãî¯Tuµ. 

ïc‡®±: Aºrî®±î¯T j¯N®²Š®Š® cw®S®oî®±w®î®w®±Ý Š¯Ç®óT°qµ‡®±w¯ÝT B‡µ±Ê ¯l®Œ¯‰±q®±. uµ° ¯q®Š®º T°qµ‡®±w®±Ý y¯ý¯Ïq®ã î¯u®ãš®ºT°q®u®ªå w®±mš®±î®¼u®± N®Ç®Ô, cw®S®oî®±w®î®w®±Ý w®±mš®±î®¼u®± š®±©±„® Hº… N¯Š®oî®w®±Ý x°m, uµ° ¯q®Š®î®±âw®±Ý q®¢ëœ¯O cw®S®oî®±w®î®w®±Ý Š¯Ç®óT°qµ‡®±w¯ÝT ›æ°N®‹›u®Š®±. î®±±›å°î®±Š®w®±Ý š®ºq®³y®ÙSµ²¢›u®Š®±. Bu®Šµ …朮±š®ºP¯ãq® Ÿºu®² N®pØ°Š®w®±Ý KŠµš®©± l¯.Š¯bµ°ºu®äy®äš¯u¬ A®± cw®î®‹ 26, 1950Š®ªå Œµ²°N®š®„µ‡®±ªå `„¯Š®q® š¯æq®ºq®ü œµ²°Š¯hu®ªå Jrœ¯›N® š¯Úw® y®lµvŠ®±î® `uµ° ¯q®Š®º` T°qµ‡®±w®±Ý cw®î®±w®S®o T°qµSµ š®‹š®î®¾¯w®î¯T Š¯Ç®óT°qµ‡µ±ºu®± y®‹S®pš®q®N®Êu®±Û` Hºu®± Uµ²°™›u®Š®±. 

š®q®ã: Kºu®± Š¯Ç®óNµÊ HŠ®l®± Š¯Ç®óT°qµS®¡®± CŠ®©± š¯u®ãï©å. Bu®Šµ w®î®±â š®ºïu¯w® cw®S®oî®±w® œ¯S®² uµ° ¯q®Š®º HŠ®l®w®²Ý Š¯Ç®óT°qµS®¡µºu®± Uµ²°™›uµ. Bu®Šµ AvÃN®³q®î¯T H©åN®lµ cw®S®oî®±w®î®wµÝ° œ¯l®Œ¯S®±q®Ùuµ. uµ° ¯q®Š®º Ixu®ÛŠ®² BN¯ý®î¯p „µ¡®Tw® y®äš¯Š®u® BŠ®º„®NµÊ ¯q®ä ›°ï±q®î¯Tuµ. œ¯S¯T uµ° ¯q®Š®º T°qµ‡®±w®²Ý š®œ¯ Š¯Ç®óT°qµ‡µ±ºu®± N®ŠµvŠ®±î®¼u®± Kºu®± Š¯cO°‡®± q®ºq®äî¯T ¯q®ä N¯o±q®Ùuµ. 

ý®q®î®¾¯w®:  uµ° ¯q®Š®º T°qµ‡®± Š®X®wµ‡®¾¯u®u®±Û šµyµÔº…Š¬ 7, 1886Š®ºu®±. Cu®w®±Ý Š¯Ç®óT°qµ‡µ±ºu®± y®‹S®p›u®±Û 1905 Š®ªå. œ¯S¯T D vw® D T°qµ Š®X®wµ‡®¾¯T 130 î®Ç®Á œ¯S®² Š¯Ç®óT°qµ‡®¾¯T AºT°N¯Š®î¯T 100 î®Ç®ÁS®¡¯Tîµ. D Kºu®± š®ºu®„®Áu®ªå, šµyµÔº…Š¬ 7, 2006 Š®ºu®± D T°qµ‡®±w®±Ý Š¯Ç¯óu®ãºq® œ¯l®„µ°Nµ²° As®î¯ „µ°l®îµ½° Hº… y®äýµÝ œ®±iÔuµ. †bµz Bl®¢q® Š¯cãS®¡®± œ¯l®„µ°N®± Hºu®Šµ N¯ºSµäš¬ Bl®¢q®u® Š¯cãS®¡®± xï±âÇ®Ô Hºu®±†iÔîµ. D ŸwµÝŒµ‡®±ªå uµ°ý®yµä°î®±Oʺq® Nµ²¡µq® Š¯cO°‡®±u® S®î®±©± AvÃN®î¯Tuµ. A©Þš®ºP¯ãq® î®±±›å°º œ¯S®² Oäþχ®±w®ÝŠ®w®±Ý (Nµ©î®¼ Oäþχ®±w¬ ý¯ŒµS®¡®ªå cw®S®oî®±w®î®w®²Ý œ¯l®±î®¼v©å) î®±±Qãx‡®±ªå N®Šµq®Š®±î®¼u®Š® …u®©± A®± y®äqµã°N®î¯T CŠ®±î®ºqµ‡µ±° wµ²°mNµ²¡®ëŒ¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Š¯Ç®óT°qµ Hw®±Ýu®± b¯r î®±q® u®ÁS®¡®w®±Ý ï±°‹ CŠ®„µ°N®± Hº… N®xÇ®Õ r¡®±î®¢Nµ ‡®¾¯‹S®² C©åî¯Tuµ.  œµ²š® T°qµ?cw®S®oî®±w®î®¼ y®ºX®î®± b¯cÁw® „®hÔºT T°qµ‡®¾¯u®Šµ, uµ° ¯q®Š®º î®±±›å°î®±Š® î®±w®›éSµ wµ²°î®w®±Ýºh± ¯l®±q®Ùuµ, Au®w®±Ý Š¯Ç®óT°qµ‡®±w¯ÝT ¯l®©± š¯u®ãîµ° C©å Hºu®± îµ½°g¬ z䇮± Š¯cN¯Š®pS®¡® x©±î¯u®Šµ, Lî®Á š¯î®¾¯w®ã „¯Š®r°‡®± œµîµ±â y®l®…œ®±u¯u®ºq®œ® Kºu®± œµ²š® Š¯Ç®óT°qµ‡®±w®±Ý w¯î®¼ Cw¯Ýu®Š®² Š®²z›Nµ²¡®ë…œ®±u®©åîµ! „¯Š®q®î®¼ cS®rÙSµ îµ°u®, Ey®xÇ®q®±Ù, T°qµ, Š¯î®¾¯‡®±o, î®±œ¯„¯Š®q®S®¡®ºq®œ® î®±œ¯w¬ N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý x°muµ. Cºq®œ® uµ°ý®î®¼ q®w®Sµ š®î®±âq®î¯S®±î®ºq®œ® Kºu®± T°qµ‡®±w®±Ý Š®Y›Nµ²¡®ë©± š¯u®ãï©åîµ°? `¯w®ï°‡®±qµ‡µ±° uµ²l®Öu®±` Hº… Bý®‡®±u® Kºu®± œµ²š® T°qµ‡®±w®±Ý Š®Y›, Au®w®±Ý Š¯Ç®óT°qµ‡®±w¯ÝT ¯l®…œ®±u®©åîµ?                                    

                          --------